A practical and accessible guide to understanding class actions in the Netherlands under the WAMCA framework, grounded in case law and key stakeholder challenges.

This document outlines Bulgaria’s transposition of Directive (EU) 2020/1828 through amendments to the Consumer Protection Act and Civil Procedure Code. It introduces a specialised legal framework for representative actions, defines the role of qualified entities, and establishes procedural safeguards to protect consumer interests across multiple sectors.

In this article, Fabio De Dominicis explores the evolution of Italian class actions from their introduction in 2010 to the major reforms of 2019 and 2023, including the implementation of the Representative Actions Directive (RAD). He also reflects on Europe’s growing trend toward stronger collective redress mechanisms.